RC电路的应用
RC电路在模拟电路、脉冲数字电路中得到广泛的应用,由于电 路的形式以及信号源和R,C元件参数的不同,因而组成了RC电路的各种应用形式:微分电路 、积分电路、耦合电路、滤波电路及脉冲分压器。关键词:RC电路。微分、积分电路。耦合电路。在模拟及脉冲数字电路中,常常用到由电阻R和电容C组成的RC电路,在些电路中, 电阻R和电容C的取值不同、输入和输出关系以及处理的波形之间的关系,产生了RC电路的 不同应用,下面分别谈谈微分电路、积分电路、耦合电路、脉冲分压器以及滤波电路。
1. RC微分电路
如图1所示,电阻R和电容C串联后接入输入信号V,由电阻R输出信号VI ,当RC 数值与输入方波宽度t之间满足:R< 在t=t时,V由0?V,因电容上电压不能突变(来不及充电,相当于短 路,1Im V,0),输入电压V全降在电阻R上,即V,V,V,V m 。随后(t>t),电CIORI1practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific 容C的电压按指数规律快速充电上升,输出电压随之按指数规 律下降(因V,VO,V,V,V),经过大约3τ(τ,R × C)时,VCVm,VO0,τ(RC)的值愈ICmC 小,此过程愈快,输出正 脉冲愈窄。 t=t时,V由V?0,相当于输入端被短路,电容原先充有左正右负的电压V 2Imm开始按指数规律经电阻R放电,刚开始,电容C来不及放电,他的左端(正电)接地 ,所以V,,V,之后V随电容的放电也按指数规律减小,同样经过大 约OmO 3τ后,放电完毕,输出一个负脉冲。 只要脉冲宽度t>(510)τ,在t时间内,电容C已完成充电或放电(约W~W 需3 τ),输出端就能输出正负尖脉冲,才能成为微分电路,因而电路的充放电时间常数τ必须 满足:τ,(1/51/10)t,这是微分电路的必要条件。 ~W 由于输出波形V与输入波形V之间恰好符合微分运算的结 果,V=RC( dVOIOI/dt),,即输出波形是取输入波形的变化部分。如果将V按傅里叶级展开 ,I 进行微分运算的结果,也将是V的表达式。他主要用于对复杂波形的分离和分O 频器 ,如从电视信号的复合同步脉冲分离出行同步脉冲和时钟的倍频应用。 2. RC耦合电路 图1中,如果电路时间常数τ(RC)>>t,他将变成一个RC耦合电路。输 出W 波形与输入波形一样。如图3所示。 (1)在t=t时,第一个方波到来,V由0?V,因电容电压不能突变(VC=1Im 0),V=V=V=V。 ORIm (2)t1 (3)t=t时,V由V?0,相当于输入端被短路,此时,V已充有左 正右2OmC 负电压Δ,Δ=(V/τ)×t,,经电阻R非常缓慢地放电。 IW (4)t=t时,因电容还来不及放完电,积累了一定电荷,第二个方波到来,3 电阻上的电 压就不是V,而是V=V-V(V?0),这样第二个输出 方波比第一mRmCC 个输出方 波略微往下平移,第三个输出方波比第二个输出方波又略微往下平移,„,最后,当输出波 形的正半周“面积”与负半周“面积”相等时,就达到了稳定状态。也就是电容在一个周期 内充得的电荷与放掉的电荷相等时,输出波形就稳定不再平移,电容上的平均电压等于输入 信号中电压的直流分量(利用C的隔直作用),把输入信号往下平移这个直流分量,便得到 输出波形,起到传送输入信号的交流成分,因此是一个耦合电路。 以上的微分电路与耦合电路,在电路形式上是一样的,关键是tW与τ的关practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific 系,下面比 较一下τ与方波周期T(T>tW)不同时的结果,如图4所示。在这三种情形中,由于电 容C的隔直作用,输出波形都是一个周期内正、负“面积”相等,即其平均值为0,不再含有 直流成份。 当τ>>T时,电容C的充放电非常缓慢,其输出波形近似理想方波,是理想耦合电路。 当τ=T时,电容C有一定的充放电,其输出波形的平顶部分有一定的下降或上升,不是 理想方波。 当τ< 如图5所示,电阻R和电容C串联接入输入信号VI,由电容C输出信号V0,当RC (τ)数值与输入方波宽度tW之间满足:τ>>tW,这种电路称为积分电路。在 practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific 电容C两端(输出端)得到锯齿波电压,如图6所示。 (3)t=t2时,VI由Vm?0,相当于输入端被短路,电容原先充有左正右负电 压VI(VI 在模拟电路,由RC组成的无源滤波电路中,根据电容的接法及大小主要可分为低通滤波 电路(如图7)和高通滤波电路(如图8)。 practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific (1)在图7的低通滤波电路中,他跟积分电路有些相似(电容C都是并在输出端),但 他们是应 用在不同的电路功能上,积分电路主要是利用电容C充电时的积分作用,在输入方波情形下 ,来产生周期性的锯齿波(三角波),因此电容C及 电阻R是根据方波的tW来选取,而 低通滤波电路,是将较高频率的信号旁路掉(因XC=1/(2πfC),f较大时,XC较 小,相当于短路),因而电容C的值是参照低频点的数值来确定,对于电源的滤波电路,理 论上C值愈大愈好。 (2)图8的高通滤波电路与微分电路或耦合电路形式相同。在脉冲数字电路中,因RC与脉 宽tW的关系不同而区分为微分电路和耦合电路;在模拟电路,选择恰当的电容C值, 就可以有选择性地让较高频的信号通过,而阻断直流及低频信号,如高音喇叭串接的电容, 就是阻止中低音进入高音喇叭,以免烧坏。另一方面,在多级交流放大电路中,他也是一种 耦合电路。 5. RC脉冲分压器 当需要将脉冲信号经电阻分压传到下一级时,由于电路中存在各种形式的电容,如寄生电容 ,他相当于在负载侧接有一负载电容(如图9),当输入一脉冲信号时,因电容CL的 充电,电压不能突变,使输出波形前沿变坏,失真。为此,可在R1两端并接一加速电容 C1,这样组成一个RC脉冲分压器(如图10)。 practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific + (1)t=0时,电容视为短路,电流只流经C,C,V由C和C分压得到: 1LO1L 但是,任何信号源都有一定的内阻,以及一些电路的需要,通常采取过补偿的办法,如电视 信号中,为突出传送图像的轮廓,采用勾边电路,就是通过加大C1的取值。 滤波电路 交流电经过二极管整流之后,方向单一了,但是大小(电流强度)还是处在不断地变化之中。这种脉动直流一般是不能直接用来给无线电装供电的。要把脉动直流变成波形平滑的直流,还需要再做一番“填平取齐”的工作,这便是滤波。换句话说,滤波的任务,就是把整流器输出电压中的波动成分尽可能地减小,改造成接近恒稳的直流电。 一、电容滤波 电容器是一个储存电能的仓库。在电路中,当有电压加到电容器两端的时候,便对电容器充电,把电能储存在电容器中;当外加电压失去(或降低)之后,电容器将把储存的电能再放出来。充电的时候,电容器两端的电压逐渐升高,直到接近充电电压;放电的时候,电容器两端的电压逐渐降低,直到完全消失。电容器的容量 越大,负载电阻值越大,充电和放电所需要的时间越长。这种电容带两端电压不能突变的特性,正好可以用来承担滤波的任务。 图5-9是最简单的电容滤波电路,电容器与负载电阻并联,接在整流器后面,下面以图5-9(a)所示半波整施情况说明电容滤波的工作过程。在二极管导通期 间,e2向负载电阻Rfz提供电流的同时,向电容器C充电,一直充到最大值。e2达到最大值以后逐渐下降;而电容器两端电压不能突然变化,仍然保持较高电压。这时,D受反向电压,不能导通,于是Uc便通过负载电阻Rfz放电。由于C和Rfz较大,放电速度很慢,在e2下降期间里,电容器C上的电压降得不多。当e2下一个周期来到并升高到大于Uc时,又再次对电容器充电。如此重复,电容器C两端(即负载电阻Rfz:两端)便保持了一个较平稳的电压,在波形图上呈现出比较平滑的波形。图5-10(a)(b)中分别示出半波整流和全波整流时电容滤波前后的输出波形。 practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific 显然,电容量越大,滤波效果越好,输出波形越趋于平滑,输出电压也越高。但是,电容量达到一定值以后,再加大电容量对提高滤波效果已无明显作用。通常应根据负载电用和输出电说的大小选择最佳电容量。表5-2中所列滤波电容器容量和输出电流的关系,可供参考。电容器的耐压值一般取的1(5倍。 表5-3中列出带有滤波器的整流电路中各电压的关系。 表一、 输出电流 2A左右 1A左右 0.5-1A左右 0.1-0.5A 100-50mA 50mA以下 滤波电容 4000u 2000u 1000u 500u 200u-500u 200u 表二、 输入交流电压 负载开路时的 带负载时的 每管承受的最 (有效值) 输出电压 输出电压 大反向电压 半 波 整 流 E2 约0.6E2 全 波 整 流 约1.2E2 E2+E2 桥 式 整 流 约1.2E2 E2 采用电容滤波的整流电路,输出电压随时出电流变化较大,这对于变化负载(如乙类推挽电路)来说是很不利的。 二、电感滤波 利用电感对交流阻抗大而对直流用抗小的特点,可以用带铁芯的线圈做成滤波器。电磁滤波输出电压较低,相输出电压波动小,随负载变化也很小,适用于负载电流较大的场合。 三、复式滤波器。 把电容按在负载并联支路,把电感或电阻接在串联支路,可以组成复式滤波器,达到更佳的滤波效果口这种电路的形状很象字母π,所以又叫π型滤波器。 图5,12所示是由电磁与电容组成的LC滤波器,其滤波效能很高,几乎没有直流电压损失,适用于负载电流较大、要求纹波很小的场合。但是,这种滤波器由于电感体积和重量大(高频时可减小),比较笨重,成本也较高,一般情况下使用得不多。 由电阻与电容组成的RC滤波器示于图5,13中。这种复式滤波器结构简单,能兼起降压、限流作用,滤波效能也较 practitioner examination practitioner certificate. Third stage: laboratory continues to rotate clinical laboratory testing, clinical chemistry, Clinical Immunology tests, Clinical Hematology laboratory, clinical microbiology testing, inspection and emergency blood transfusion test 7 Professional. (2) rounds and the third stage of consultation Web twice a week to attend medical ... To know: 1. automatic biochemical Analyzer calibration, operation and maintenance. 2. different biochemical detection of analyzers for test and evaluation. 3. the core collection, preservation and processing of all kinds of biological specimens. (E) professional master of Clinical Immunology test: 1. Clinical Immunology-related projects, the results of reports and clinical significance of routine testing. (1) hepatitis logo real: hepatitis b serum logo real of determination (HBsAg, and HBsAb, and HBeAg, and HBeAb, and HBcAb), and hepatitis a and hepatitis c virus antibody determination (2) tumor logo real: methyl tire protein (AFP), and cancer embryo Antigen (CEA), and sugar Antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), and sugar Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and sugar Antigen 12-5 (CA12-5), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and p-like cell cancer related Antigen ( SCC) (3) immune function: immune globulin determination (IgG, and IgA, and IgM, and IgD, and IgE), fill body determination (C3, and C4), t lymphocytes Asia group, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-double chain DNA antibody (AdsDNA), and anti-mitochondrial antibody, and rheumatoid factor (RF) (4) virus antibody: bow insect, and rubella virus, and giant cell virus, and simple herpes virus antibody check (TORCH test) (5) other class: anti-Streptococcus hemolytic pigment \"o\" (AS O), c-reactive protein (CRP), serum Widal reaction, outside Pei, and cold agglutination test, specific
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