GMAT语法总结

一些语法总结（终于写完了，算对大家有个交待）

承蒙朋友们错爱，我在把笔记本上的语法总结录成文本。但是在很难写，因为我是记录在每一天的复习日志里的，汇总起来好像不太容易。我早上起来试着写了一些。大家看看行不行。我的总结参考了黄金规则，珠江老师的笔记，og解释，大全注释等，我复习时只是摘抄和总结，所以我没什么贡献的。（再次感谢珠江老师！！）

我的一些语法总结：

As 和when 的区别 as 是指一段时间，而when则是指一个具体的时间点

，“as when”的意思可以理解为“正如当…的时候

我在语法大全里找到了一句：

1. With diamonds, as with all gems, one should ask for a written description of one’s purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.

(A) one should ask for a written description of one’s purchase

(B) you should ask for a written description of your purchase

(C) a written discretion of your purchase is what one should ask for

(D) a written description of one’s purchase is what should be asked for（B）

(E) a written description of your purchase is what should be asked for

我用GOOGLE搜的也几乎是as with + n.(n.词组）的用法。

我想意思为“正如用......”“正如对......”

Indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows or films reinforce stereotyped images of women and men.

那么白勇是这么解释的：“as偶尔作指代词,指代简单主句”

具体区别还是要在题目里看的吧。with是介词when是关系副词而且只指时间，很多时候应该很容易区别啊，把题目贴出来看看？

总之就是,

especial和especially强调显著性

special和specially强调特性

关于这个问题，OG里面最权威的解释是来自这个题：

243. Some scientists have been critical of the laboratory tests conducted

by the Federal Drug Administration on the grounds that the amounts of suspected carcinogens fed to animals far exceeds those that humans could consume.

(A) far exceeds those that humans could consume

(B) exceeds by far those humans can consume

(C) far exceeds those humans are able to consume

(D) exceed by far those able to be consumed by humans（E）

(E) far exceed those that humans could consume

In D, the use of the passive voice in the phrase those able to be consumed by humans is unjustified, as it increases wordiness while stating the

meaning less precisely: it is accurate to call humans “able,” but not to call those [amounts] “able.”

用able to be在大全里搜索，几乎所有的题目考察点和正确选项的特点都惊人的一致，感觉ETS好像认为be able to是一个主动性很强的词，该词的逻辑主语必须具有发出be able to 后动词的能力，如果是该动作的承受方则一般都改成了can/could。看完下面若干例子，相信以后不会再上ETS的当了，呵呵。

236. The Coast Guard is conducting tests to see whether pigeons can be trained to help find survivors of wrecks at sea.

(A) to see whether pigeons can be trained to help find

(B) to see whether pigeons can be trained as help to find

(C) to see if pigeons can be trained for helping to find

(D) that see if pigeons are able to be trained in helping to find（A）

(E) that see whether pigeons are able to be trained for help in finding

10. Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather.

(A) so gradual as to be indistinguishable

(B) so gradual they can be indistinguishable

(C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished

(D) gradual enough not to be distinguishable（A）

(E) gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them

6. There is ample evidence, derived from the lore of traditional folk medicine, that naturally occurring antibiotics are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug.

(A) are usually able to be modified to make them a more effective drug.

(B) are usually able to be modified to make them more effective drugs

(C) are usually able to be modified, which makes them more effective drugs

(D) can usually be modified to make them a more effective drug（E）

(E) can usually be modified to make them more effective drugs

10. When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.

(A) and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage

(B) and establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain able to be grown by farmers and encouraging

(C) establishing tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are allowed to grow and to encourage

(D) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain capable of be

ing grown by farmers and encouraging（E）

(E) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage

210. If additional deposits of oil are found, it will expand the amount that can be used as fuel and reduce the price of oil, even if the deposits are not immediately tapped.

(A) it will expand the amount that can be used as fuel and reduce the price of oil

(B) the amount that is able to be used as fuel will expand and the price of oil be reduced

(C) it will cause an increase in the amount that is able to be used as fuel and a reduction in the price of oil

(D) the amount that can be used as fuel will increase and the price of oil will drop（D）

(E) it will increase the amount of oil that can be used as fuel and cause a drop in the price

正确的用法：主动态

985 Those who have visited the Grand Canyon have typically seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree trunk.

(A) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark

(B) see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors mark

(C) been seeing layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, whose different colors are markers of

(D) been able to see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors marking（D）

(E) seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, marking by different colo

3. Because the financial review covered only the last few fiscal years, and therefore the investigators were unable to determine the extent to possible earlier overpayments.

(A) and therefore the investigators were unable to determine the extent to possible

(B) so therefore the investigators were not capable of determining the possible extent of

(C) therefore the investigators were unable to determine the possible extent of

(D) the investigators were not capable of determining the possible extent of（E）

(E) the investigators were unable to determine the extent of possible

1. and后面有主语出现则and前要有逗号

特例:如果有从句或插入语跟着捣乱, 那就只好不要逗号来保持意思的清晰

2. yet前面需要逗号, 无论是否在yet后有新主语出现. 特例同上种情况.

一. 所谓的原则：

1． 定语从句尽量省略原则：which be/that be+形容词/过去分词，which be/that be应尽量省略。

2． whose/which/that就近指代原则。

3． There be/enough/instead of(相对于rather than)/due to/because of（相对于because）/despite/if(相对于whether)/maybe出现错原则。

4． 表‘命令/建议/要求’的实意动词+that后面省略should原则（这些实意动词已包含了should的意思，所以省略should）

5． 状语从句尽量省略主语+be动词原则。（注意逻辑主语一致）状语从句引导次后接adj/done/doing正确，接n/prep短语错。

6． 宾语从句that保留原则。注意平行结构中‘三个that’的平行。

7． 强语气词（only, only if,情态动词,however/whatever/whenever/wherever）不改变原则。

8． Have+动作性名次错原则。改为do或者be adv done。

9． Be to do表将来时错原则

10．Having/being出现错原则。（having的特例，credit后面用having；being的特例，the chance of being/the distinction of being）。

11.Consider +n1+ n2/adj出现正确原则。

12.Compare/base用被动原则。

13.Similar to/differ from不位于句首原则

14.Continue不用进行时原则。

15.if/when/because三种关系强加/丢失错原则。

二．平行结构。

1. 引起平行的结构：

a. and, or, but, yet

b. not only A, but also B/not A, but B/

c. rather than

d. can do, do, and do/to do, do, and do/that A, that B, and that C

e. 比较结构

2. 平行的原则:形势对称，概念对等，功能相同。

a. 单复数的一致。

b. 时态的一致

c. 主被动的一致

d. 主谓宾顺序的一致

e. 介词结构的一致

二. 比较结构

1. 引起比较的结构

a. like/unlike：be like/be unlike/do like对，do unlike错。Like/unlike+句子或介词短语错。

b.as后接句子及其省略形式（省略不引起歧义的主语）

c.as…as

d.比较级+than

e. compare to/with

f. the more, the more的结构

2. 比较的原则

a. 数的一致

b.概念对等（常考人名与所有格等逻辑意思上不可比的两个概念）

c.比较时必须将自己排除在外：any+n改为and other+n

d.倍数表达法twice as many as/twice the n/twice what/sth double（出现即正确）/sth be doubled（被动不好）

e. than 后面尽量补足助动词（因为介词也可省略,若不补足助动词，或引起歧义）

f. 状语与非状语不具可比性。

g.A至少等于B的表达：at least as more as/as more as, if not more so/as more as, or more than.as more as, and even more than（两个as必须全，有more必有than）

三. 主谓一致

1. 解题思想：分析句子结构，找出主谓宾，主句的主谓一致，从句的主谓一致分开考虑。抛弃所有修饰成分思考。

2. 需要注意的结构：

a. one of 名词复数 +that+ 谓语复数/the one of 名词复数+that 谓语单数

b.n1 of n2 that 谓语的单复数由that修饰的对象决定

c.倒装结构，由谓语后的名词形成分分析谓语单复数。

d.复合主语：数主语有几个a, the, that，大于二则谓语用复数。

e. each作代词：each of n+谓语单数。Each作副词：名词复数+each+谓语复数。

f. 物质名词和学科名词后接谓语单数

g.百分比结构 1 percent 0f 名词，由名词的单复数决定谓语的单复数

h.a body of/an array of/a series of/a collection of/ a set of /the number of +n/ns +谓语单数

i. a number of/numbers of 名词复数+谓语复数

j. one in/out of 名词复数+谓语单数

k.two out/in of 名词复数+谓语复数

四。句子的时态。

1。关于时态的一些原则

a.时态尽量简单（一般过去，一般现在，一般将来，一般进行，复杂的时态如：过去将来完成时等都算错。having/being错误标志，但有特例。credit+having，the chance of being, the distinction of being.而且这些特例出现就选）

b.不能毫无根据改变句子时态。

c.主从举时态关系：主将从将错，主过完从过完错，主现完从现完对，主将从现对，

主过从过完对（新东方朱江老师的口诀）

2。时态的判断

a.since(完成时)，originally(过去时)，generally,the most common(现在时)，表持续时间的时间状语（完成时）

b。表真理及普遍规律用现在是。（根据经验，这一点只有一种情况：sb said后接一般现在时。）

五.主格结构

1。标准形式：a.svo, n +doing/done/adj/prep/n（ets的preference，因为的确简洁）

b.svo,with/without + n +doing/done/adj/prep/n

（不得不谈的with，作为正确选项概率很小，因为会有修饰歧义，不只是修饰最近的名词性成份还是主句主语，很多有争议的GWD都是从这里来的。个人意见：多半是错的，别对with有好感）

c.svo, each+doing/done/adj/prep/n（ets的preference）

六.虚拟语气。

1.可能引起虚拟的结构：a.表命令/建议/要求（demand/suggest/advvise/mandate

/order/propose/advocate.recommend/decree），且should必须省略。

b.it is important that （这个结构可以虚拟，og上有例子）

2.不得不说的几个问题：a.考察虚拟语气，可以直接找be，因为是动词原型。一般都这么出。因为be动词的圆形与其他形式区别最大。

b.require of sb that/require sb to do/it is required of sb to do sth(require唯一的三种正确形式)

c.suggest可以后接doing,这个时候要注意平行问题，而不再是考察虚拟。

d.demand sb to do sth是错误表达。og 上cocacola那道题是最好的例证。

e.顺便提一下‘禁止’：gmat里只有两种表达：prohibit sb from doing/ forbid sb to do

不能互换。

七.逻辑主语。

1.这个考点只需要注意一个问题，什么时候去思考是否有逻辑主语的问题？

标志性结构：a.doing, svo.

b.prep +doing/done, svo

c.adj, svo

d, conjunction +doing/done, svo.

e,doing/done放在主从句之间，一定错！（主义是主从句，不是主谓之间。这个考点一定会被拍砖，非常欢迎大家拍，好好拍，一定要弄清楚那道一年了没有结论的题）逻辑主语是最重要亦是最有效的考点，一定要注意！

八.代词。

1.代词遵循规则：

a.that只能指代单数名词

b.指代唯一：同一句话里,所有的that都指代统一对象，所有的it也是。

（tip,若前句用的是所有格形式，后句的代词若想指代前句的所有者，是绝对错的）

c.主句在前从句在后，只有从句可以用代词。从句在前主句在后，谁用代词都可以。

d.任何代词不能指代句子，改为so.（高频考点！）

e.this/that/those/these不能单独作主语。

f.such as +代词是错误的。

2。错误代词的修改：a。用一个名词指代 （正确选项标志）

b.改为现在分词的伴随状态。

3。关于就近指代

1． which在从句中的作用。a.prep+which 后接完整句。b.which后接不完整句，which在从句中要做成分。c.百分比结构，如10% of which整个作名词性结构。

2． 2。which的指代。这一点太烦了。首先，比较传统的理解是这样的结构（介词为of）：1.A of B which. 2. A of B, which(区别在于有无comma)，前者只能就近指代，（诚然，由题目违反了这一点）；后者可以越前指代，但也不一定越前指代。其次，如果介词不是of，能越前指代吗？其实，很多的语法争端都是从这里开始的，也很难平息。但是，有几点是可以肯定地，1.A of B which显然是不好的结构，应该改为that（可以用word试试，office认为这是语法错误）.2.就近指代是主流。因为从阅读的角度来讲，越前指代会造成理解的困难，而og是最不喜欢任何造成理解困难的用法的。3.逻辑意思决定which后的谓语单复数。所以，把which可能引起的指代作为相对错也许比较合理。（当然，我现在脑海里都浮现出很多范例了。比如a group of birds that……那道题。）对了对了，还要注意 body of/an array of/a series of/a collection of/ a set of /the number of +n/ns +谓语单数这些特殊用法。

九.关于redundancy的总结

1. amount to a sum

2. annual and a year

3. after when

4. substitute and in place of

5. once in every [number] [time]

6. both A as well as B

7. regain and again

8. soar and rise and increase

9. increase/decrease and up to/down to

10. opposition and against

11. be able to/ability and afford

12. can and capability

13. now and currently

14. can and potentially(can, potentially,…is right)

15. consequence and result

16. may and likely

17. that of his own

18. return back

19. although and may

20. use as and borrow against

21. also and like/as

22. share the same

23. withhold disclosure

24. no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前)

25. pay and payment

26. reason and because

十.关于Set Phrase的总结

1. be believed to be

2. be estimated to be

3. distinguish between A and B/ distinguish A from B

4. rates for(when ‘rates’ means prices charge)

5. the cost to sb of doing sth; cost sb sth in sth

6. attribute A to B; B is attributed to A

7. in the coming moth

8. admit that SVO/admit to sth

9. introduce into

10. in an attempt to

11. known to do sth/known to be sth/known as sth;/known for sth

12. the extent to which

13. be necessary to do/the necessity of doing/sth

14. consider n1 n2

15. in danger of

16. cite A as an instance of B; for instance

17. all things adj/all the adj things

18. credit[v] sb with having done/the credit[n] to sb for having done

19. substitute A for B

20. be expected to

21. both A and B

22. demand that s v o; [‘demand s to do’ is wrong.]

23. mistake A for B.

24. all of which [can not be ‘of which all’]

25. at a time when/ the year that/the period when/ an age in which

26. A is the reason why

27. threaten to do

28. allow sth to be done/sb to do sth

29. be responsible to sb/for doing sth/sth

30. forbid sth/doing sth; prohibit sb from doing sth

31. depict sth as sth/ as if SVO

32. contribute to sth/doing sth

33. the use of sth to do sth

34. the same as/that[用as与用that意思不同]

35. be capable of doing sth/the capability of doing sth/be able to do sth/the ability to do sth/the possibility of doning

36. [be capable of being done/be able/unable to be done] are wrong！！

37. effort to do sth

38. think of A as B

39. ‘,’ +who; prep+whom

40. supply for sth

41. it is hoped that

42. just as SVO, so SVO

43. the rivalry between A and B; rival A and B;A rival B for sth.

44. help to do/help do; be helpful in doing

45. sth prove adj

46. the necessity of sth

47. break with sb in sth

48. dispute over sth

49. on comparison of A with B

50. on condition that +subjunctive mood or past tense

51. be native to

52. in contrast with/to

53. with the intention of doing

54. the importance of sth/doing sth

55. plan to do/on doing

56. whatever sth(v is unnecessary and can be omit)

57. the proposal to do/propose to do

58. allocate sth to sb/sth for sth/sth sth.

59. aid in doing sth/with the aid of sb/in aid of sth/aid to do

60. use sth as/to do sth

61. at speed

62. date back to/date from sth/ the date of

63. connection between A and B

. the consequence of

65. if only because[这里only不是强语气词]

66. increase between A and B; increase of A to B

67. A and B alike

68. suggest A as B

69. distinction of being doing

70. aim at/to do

71. go unnoticed

72. a method of doing sth/to do

73. the chance of doing

74. said that +V[用一般现在是哦]

75. damage to sth/damage sth

76. at a disvantage

77. be/have/give grounds for

78. does more than do

79. alliance and treaties[必须一起出现]

80. even as = just as

81. have difficult in

82. restitution for

83. reversion to sth

84. carry on as [position]

85. take sb sth to do sth

86. target at

87. share sth with sb

88. that is[表示那就是说,不能用which means]

. make do without

90. A is to B what C is to D

91. the reason [why]（可省略，虽然og说不能但她自己都省过）SVO

92. it is important that A be[subjunctive mood] B

93. on surface; at pole/line

94. each…the other…

95. be intended on/up (doing) sth

96. impact on/upon

97. diminish[不能用impede] the possibility of doing sth

98. call sth to consider

99. recoup sth/recoup sb for sth

100. A be done that

101. looking to sb to do sth

102. make up for

103. At the invitation of sb[在某人的邀请之下]

104. skill in/at doing sth

105. namely that SVO

106. One A for every Bs

107. SVO at once[at once的位置]

108. S V1 O1, then V2 O2

109. reversion to + n

终于大体上写完了，还有很多细节。我会不断增补。毕竟翻88天的日志真得满苦闷的。希望大家按照这样的结构能很好地总结出自己的一套应对sc的方案。我算是抛砖吧。一定会有不严谨的地方，还望各位前辈多批评指正。

比较结构中的代词选择及为谓语动词补出

几个星期前在语法版发了几个关于比较结构的问题，up了几次都没有人回。这几天总结了一些notes, 决定贴出来，大家一起切磋。若有错误，还望指正!

第一种比较： 同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较

OG 198

198. Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

(A) they had in their previous campaigns

(B) their previous campaigns had had

(C) they had for any previous campaign

(D) in their previous campaigns （E）

(E) for any previous campaign

同一army 的两件事情比较，than以后的部分可以省略主语及谓语

AC的谓语动词had补错, 应该是had had.

92. Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

(A) so many changes at once as they had in

(B) at once as many changes as

(C) at once as many changes that there were with

(D) as many changes at once as they confronted in（D）

(E) so many changes at once that confronted them in

同样一群taxpayers前后发生的事情比较，却在than后补出了主语及谓语. D的confronted补的完全正确, A中的had就是错的。另外，D中代词用了they, 而不是that/those， 因为是自己与自己比。that/those指代同类事物，而不是同一样事物。

结论：同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较，可以省略主语（因为是自己比自己）及谓语，并且只有当主句也用助动词,且比较从句的助动词与主句一致时,才可省略动词只保留助动词. 这里特别要考虑时态问题，如过去完成时与过去时比较，若补出谓语动词，助动词或动词的选择要根据时态来定。若是不省略主语，代词一般用they/it.

以下的两个句子than后面虽然都补了had, 但意思完全不一样。

X had had....than X had... 后面一个had是过去完成时，而非过去时。

X had...than X had... 后面一个had是过去时, 而非过去完成时。

第二种比较：不同主语之间（X与Y）比较

Innits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

（A） in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than （B） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than （C）in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D）（E） in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than

D中were绝对要补，否则产生歧义！

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than from。。。补出from

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were。。。补出were

两种补出方式（prep. or 动词）产生的意思完全不一样，所以要补出were消除歧义。

结论：不同主语之间的比较可以省略谓语动词，但前提是没有歧义。我看到网上有些说法，认为实意动词不能省略，但系表结构就可以。这种说法很片面，所以我特地举了一个系表结构而不省略的例子。引用一位前辈的话：“。。。ETS如此的reluctant to purport 什么硬性的公理。如何将一个句子表达得准确，简洁，不产生歧义是ETS对句子改错的最高要求。有一些通常的做法，但是决不能生搬硬套。”

第三种比较：不同宾语之间（X的a与Y的b）比较

OG 118

The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation's 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.

(A) than

(B) than those of

(C) than is so of

(D) compared to (B)

(E) compared to those of

B中的those指代bases. than后谓语动词are省略，因为没有歧义。

结论：在不同宾语之间比较，一般都会用到代词，且代词极少（我不敢制定公理，所以不说“绝对”）出现they/it, 因为虽然是同类，但不是同一样东西(X的a与Y的b)。谓语动词的省略根据是否产生歧义而定。